Absolute Essay - 1017 Words

An elephant was brought to a group of blind men who had never encountered such an animal before. One felt a leg and reported that an elephant is a great living pillar. Another felt the trunk and reported that an elephant is a great snake. Another felt a tusk and reported that an elephant is like a sharp ploughshare. And so on. And then they all quarreled together, each claiming that his own account was the truth and therefore all the others false (traditional parable). None of the accounts that the blind men made about the nature of the elephant are absolute truths, nor are the accounts false. An absolute truth, or one that is true for all, can not be achieved because of the constant motion of circumstances of who said it, to whom, when,†¦show more content†¦Our senses from smell to values to reality may differ from person to person. What may be true to one person may be different for another. Because everybody has different perceptions about life, it is difficult to weigh the content of any concept. Every account, of its own, is formed to be the truth of the one individual who assumes it. The variety of concepts may have the virtue of being considered. This is how people develop a deeper sense of understanding for all objects. Truth is achieved through the concept and not the object itself. Because many individuals hold different perceptions, they have many truths to consider, or not to consider. For example, it would be impossible to determine, whether or not, the cutting of trees is either quot;goodquot; or quot;bad.quot; One might have the conception that cutting trees destroys homes for birds and other animals. Another person might have the conception that cutting trees is necessary to satisfy the need to provide homes for humans. Whatever concept is understood from the object, may be the truth. Just because there may be other viewpoints to this situation, does not mean that there has to be false statements. The tree can be used for many uses from medicine to paper to boats and none of these views would be wrong. The tree remains to be a tree, but the values of the tree can differentiate, depending on who is using it. The conception of God, or theShow MoreRelated absolute justice Essay1029 Words   |  5 Pages Does absolute justice exist or not? This essay will present arguments for the existence of absolute justice. Many people disagree that absolute justice exists. Thus they argue that justice cannot be derived from nature since contradictory and different forms of justice exist in nature; and one cannot derive the greater and perfect from the lesser and imperfect, also they argue that the idea of absolute justice is the ideas of different cultures and times. That is why the idea of justice varies greatlyRead More Goodisons Absolute Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pages Goodison’s Absolute In For My Mother: May I Inherit Half Her Strength, Goodison publicizes the private issue of her parents’ less-than-perfect marriage, and, in turn, unfolds a powerful dialectic on female self-sacrifice and subjectivity. She wonders at the prolonged strength of her mother- a woman who, regardless of being the victim of an unfaithful marriage, neither confronts nor flees her fate. And at the core of Goodison’s poem is her own conflicted decision, as the female product of thisRead MoreThe Chocolate War And An Absolute Diary Of A Part Time Indian1260 Words   |  6 Pagescan refer to popular culture in which people are exhibiting loyalty to their social group. Certainly, there are positive and negative perspectives to either side. When reading The Chocolate War and An Absolute Diary of A Part-Time Indian, I experienced both sides of tribalism. When, reading An Absolute Diary of A Part-Time Indian, by Sherman Alexie, I saw how the protagonist Arnold was able to gain support from his tribes while discovering strengths inside of himself that he never knew existed. InRead MoreEssay on The Most Effective Absolute Rulers1217 Words   |  5 PagesThe Most Effective Absolute Rulers During the late 1400s and 1500s, many rulers took great measures to centralize political power and place it in their own hands. This lead to the occurrence of absolute monarchies, some of which I thought were overall very effective. In absolute monarchies, theoretically the monarch is all-powerful, with no legal limitations to his or her authority. Absolutism in Europe was characteristically justified by the doctrine of divine right, according to which the monarchRead MoreWas absolute monarch the foundation of Democracy?900 Words   |  4 PagesWas absolute monarch the foundation of Democracy? In today’s world, there are several types of governments that control their countries. There are democracies, dictatorships, republics, monarchies etc. Absolute monarchy was a very common form of government centuries ago. Throughout this time period, many leaders, dictators, monarchs made mistakes that the government looks at today. The abuse and misuse of power by absolute monarchs inexorably led to the rise of modern democracy. This is shown throughRead MoreKing Louis Xiv : The Absolute Monarchy1470 Words   |  6 PagesMonarchs who hold the divine right to rule appear time and time again throughout history. Oftentimes, they use this ‘mandate of heaven’ to exercise full and absolute control over the governmental system of their society. This form of government is called an absolute monarchy. Absolute monarchy is a tool that, wielded well, can become extremely prosperous for both the kingdom, as well as the king that presides over it. On the other hand, when les s capable figures attempt to harness the power of absolutismRead MoreLouis XIV: Absolute Monarchist Essay860 Words   |  4 Pages An absolute monarch is a ruler by divine right who has control over every portion of his kingdom. The most famous absolute monarch, Louis XIV, had the longest reign of any of the French kings. Louis achieved this as a result of his reformed laws, foreign policy, a smart economic advisor, and his decision to deny power to the nobility. Although some of these ideas could be viewed as having a negative impacting on France, overall Louis XIV’s absolute government was beneficial to the development ofRead MoreThe Absolute And Constitutional Governments During The Seventeenth Century Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pagesthese key figures tried to dominate the government under absolute authority their control was still limited. Absolutists monarchies were trying to be established all over the country, unfortunately many of them failed due to various factors. Throughout the seventeenth century Europe rulers have tried to maintain an absolutist monarchy however society still found some holes in their power, which limited the ruler’s control. The absolute and constitutional governments were two very different governmentsRead MoreFactors That Increase Sales The Online Marketplace1172 Words   |  5 Pagespremium. This would allow customers in the absolute customer segment to distinguish themselves from other LV users. LVMH has a vast amount of wealth enabling it to acquire or buy shares in companies. To optimize this strength, the firm should acquire shares in competitor companies. In the event LV sales decrease and a competitor s sales increase, LV will continue to make money through their acquired shares. LV caters to all three customer segments: absolute, aspirational, and accessible. To optimizeRead MoreSwot Analysis : Marketing Strategy1147 Words   |  5 Pagespremium. This would allow customers in the absolute customer segment to distinguish themselves from other LV users. LVMH has a vast amount of wealth enabling it to acquire or buy shares in companies. To optimize this strength, the firm should acquire shares in competitor companies. In the event LV sales decrease and a competitor s sales increase, LV will continue to make money through their acquired shares. LV caters to all three customer segments: absolute, aspirational, and accessible. To optimize

The Article On Love, And Maybe Lose, A Foster Child By...

The article â€Å"To Love, and Maybe Lose, a Foster Child† by Maghan Moravcik Walbert relates to marriage and family because it is about a child in a foster care system and a family trying to get the child by going through court systems. Their biological son is very attached to the foster child and sees him as his own sibling. The family buys the foster child everything he needs for like his birthday, Christmas, and first day of school clothing. The foster child does not live with them but they would tell him how much they love and miss him. They also have a great relationship with the foster child s biological parents even though they do not want their son in their life and are not willing to raise him so strangers raise him. They stated, â€Å"On the day it became clear to me that my time with my foster son is likely coming to an end, the bench under me was hard. The walls surrounding me were grand and white. The ceiling above me was as high as that of a cathedral.† Foster youth are become more independent and usually leave the parental home at age 23. In the article Mental Health Care of Families Affected by the Child Welfare System by Manny J. Gonzalez; it states, â€Å"Given that young children under age 5 are more likely to be placed in out-of-home placements and to spend a significant portion of their lives in foster care, their unique mental health needs are highlighted.† Children placed in foster care systems may end up getting a mental health condition so if a family tries to

The Hunters Phantom Chapter 7 Free Essays

â€Å"Who’s Celia?† Bonnie said indignantly, as soon as they’d wiped off the blood. She’d put the rose down careful y in the middle of the front seat, between her and Matt, and they were al very consciously not touching it. Pretty as it was, it looked more sinister than beautiful now, Stefan thought grimly. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 7 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Celia Connor,† Meredith said sharply. â€Å"Dr. Celia Connor. You saw her in a vision once, Bonnie. The forensic anthropologist.† â€Å"The one who’s working with Alaric?† Bonnie said. â€Å"But why would her name show up in blood on my arm? In blood.† â€Å"That’s what I’d like to know,† Meredith said, frowning. â€Å"It could be some kind of warning,† Elena proposed. â€Å"We don’t know enough yet. We’l go to the station, we’l meet Alaric and Celia, and then†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Then?† prompted Meredith, meeting Elena’s cool blue eyes. â€Å"Then we’l do whatever we have to do,† Elena said. â€Å"As usual.† Bonnie was stil complaining when they got to the train station. Patience, Stefan reminded himself. Usual y he enjoyed Bonnie’s company, but right now, his body craving the human blood he’d become accustomed to, he felt†¦ off. He rubbed his aching jaw. â€Å"I’d real y hoped we’d get at least a couple days of everything being normal,† Bonnie moaned for what seemed like the thousandth time. â€Å"Life’s not fair, Bonnie,† Matt said gloomily. Stefan glanced at him in surprise – Matt was usual y the first to leap in and try to cheer up the girls – but the tal blond was leaning against the closed ticket booth, his shoulders drooping, his hands tucked into his pockets. Matt met Stefan’s gaze. â€Å"It’s al starting up again, isn’t it?† Stefan shook his head and glanced around the station. â€Å"I don’t know what’s going on,† he said. â€Å"But we al need to be vigilant until we can figure it out.† â€Å"Oh, that’s comforting,† Meredith muttered, her gray eyes alertly scanning the platform. Stefan folded his arms across his chest and shifted closer to Elena and Bonnie. Al his senses, normal and paranormal, were on ful alert. He reached out with his Power, trying to sense any supernatural consciousnesses near them, but felt nothing new or alarming, just the calm background buzz of ordinary humans going about their everyday business. It was impossible to stop worrying, though. Stefan had seen many things in his five hundred years of existence: vampires, werewolves, demons, ghosts, angels, witches, al sorts of beings who preyed on or influenced humans in ways most people could never even imagine. And, as a vampire, he knew a lot about blood. More than he had cared to admit. He’d seen Meredith’s eyes flick toward him with suspicion when Bonnie began to bleed. She was right to be wary of him: How could they trust him when his basic nature was to kil them? Blood was the essence of life; it was what kept a vampire going centuries after his natural life span should have ended. Blood was the central ingredient in many spel s both benevolent and wicked. Blood had Powers of its own, Powers that were difficult and dangerous to harness. But Stefan had never seen blood behave in the way it had on Bonnie’s arm today. A thought struck him. â€Å"Elena,† he said, turning to face her. â€Å"Hmmm?† she answered distractedly, shading her eyes as she peered down the track. â€Å"You said the rose was just lying there waiting for you on the porch when you opened the door this morning?† Elena brushed her hair out of her eyes. â€Å"Actual y, no. Caleb Smal wood found it there and handed it to me when I opened the door to let him in.† â€Å"Caleb Smal wood?† Stefan narrowed his eyes. Elena had mentioned earlier that her aunt had hired the Smal wood boy to do some work around the house, but she should have told him of Caleb’s connection to the rose before. â€Å"Tyler Smal wood’s cousin? The guy who just showed up out of nowhere to hang around your house? The one who’s probably a werewolf, like the rest of his family?† â€Å"You didn’t meet him. He was perfectly fine. Apparently he’s been around town al summer without anything weird happening. We just don’t remember him.† Her tone was breezy, but her smile didn’t quite reach her eyes. Stefan reached out automatical y to speak to her with his mind, to have a private conversation about what she was real y feeling. But he couldn’t. He was so used to depending on the connection between them that he kept forgetting it was gone now; he could sense Elena’s emotions, could feel her aura, but they could no longer communicate telepathical y. He and Elena were separate again. Stefan hunched his shoulders miserably against the breeze. Bonnie frowned, the summer wind whipping her strawberry ringlets around her face. â€Å"Is Tyler even a werewolf now? Because if Sue’s alive, he didn’t kil her to become a werewolf, right?† Elena held her palms to the sky. â€Å"I don’t know. He’s gone, anyway, and I’m not sorry. Even before he was a werewolf, he was a real jerk. Remember what a bul y he was at school? And how he was always drinking out of that hip flask and hitting on us? But I’m pretty sure Caleb’s just a regular guy. I’d have known if there was something wrong with him.† Stefan looked at her. â€Å"You’ve got wonderful instincts about people,† he said careful y. â€Å"But are you sure you’re not relying on senses you don’t have anymore to tel you what Caleb is?† He thought of how the Guardians had painful y clipped Elena’s Wings and destroyed her Powers, the Powers she and her friends only half-understood. Elena looked taken aback and was opening her mouth to reply when the train chugged into the station, preventing further discussion. Only a few people were disembarking at the Fel ‘s Church station, and Stefan soon spotted Alaric’s familiar form. After stepping down to the platform, Alaric reached back to steady a slender African-American woman as she exited behind him. Dr. Celia Connor was certainly lovely – Stefan would give her that. She was tiny, as smal as Bonnie, with dark skin and close-cropped hair. The smile she gave Alaric as she took his arm was charming and slightly puckish. She had large brown eyes and a long, elegant neck. Stylish but practical in designer clothing, she wore soft leather boots, skinny jeans, and a sapphire-toned silk shirt. A long, diaphanous scarf was wrapped around her neck, adding to her sophisticated demeanor. When Alaric, al tousled sandy hair and boyish grin, whispered familiarly in her ear, Stefan felt Meredith tense. She looked like she’d like nothing better than to try out a few of her martial arts moves on a certain gorgeous forensic anthropologist. But then Alaric spotted Meredith, dashed over, and took her in his arms, pul ing her off her feet as he swung her into a hug, and she visibly relaxed. In a few moments, they were both laughing and talking, and they didn’t seem to be able to stop touching each other, as if they needed to reassure themselves that they were actual y together again at last. Clearly, Stefan thought, any worries Meredith had had about Alaric and Dr. Connor had been groundless, at least as far as Alaric was concerned. Stefan turned his attention to Celia Connor again. His first wary tendrils of Power discovered a slight simmering resentment emanating from the anthropologist. Understandable: She was human, she was quite young despite her poise and her many professional achievements, and she had spent a great deal of time working closely with the very attractive Alaric. It wouldn’t be surprising if she felt a bit proprietary toward him, and here he was being pul ed away from her and into the orbit of a teenage girl. But more important, his Power found no supernatural shadow hanging about her and no answering Power in her. Whatever the meaning of the name Celia written in blood, it seemed Dr. Celia Connor hadn’t caused it. â€Å"Somebody take pictures!† Bonnie cal ed, laughing. â€Å"We haven’t seen Alaric for months. We have to document his return!† Matt got out his phone and took a couple of pictures of Alaric and Meredith, their arms around each other. â€Å"Al of us!† Bonnie insisted. â€Å"You too, Dr. Connor. Let’s stand in front of the train – it’s a terrific backdrop. You take this one, Matt, and then I’l take some with you in them.† They shuffled into various positions: bumping, excusing, introducing themselves to Celia Connor, throwing their arms around one another in a casual y exuberant style. Stefan found himself pushed to the edge, Elena’s arm through his, and he discreetly inhaled the clean, sweet scent of her hair. â€Å"Al aboard!† the conductor cal ed, and the train doors closed. Matt, Stefan realized, had stopped taking pictures and was staring at them, his blue eyes widening in what looked like terror. â€Å"Stop the train!† he shouted. â€Å"Stop the train!† â€Å"Matt? What on earth?† Elena said. And then Meredith looked behind them, toward the train, with an expression of dawning comprehension. â€Å"Celia,† she said urgently, reaching out toward the other woman. Stefan watched in confusion as Celia jerked away from them abruptly, almost as if an unseen hand had grabbed her. As the train began to move, Celia walked, then ran beside it with stiff, frantic motions, her hands pul ing rapidly at her throat. Suddenly Stefan’s perspective shifted and he understood what was happening. Celia’s diaphanous scarf had somehow been firmly caught by the closing door of the train, and now the train was pul ing her along by the neck. She was running to keep from being strangled, the scarf like a leash yanking her along. And the train was beginning to pick up speed. Her hands pul ed at the scarf, but both ends were caught in the door, and her tugging only seemed to tighten it around her neck. Celia was approaching the end of the platform and the train was chugging faster. It was a flat drop from the platform to the scrub ground beyond. In a few moments, she would fal , her neck would be broken, and the train would drag her along for miles. Stefan took al this in within the space of a single breath and sprang into action. He felt his canines lengthen as a surge of Power went through him. And then he took off, faster than any human, faster than the train, and sped toward her. With one quick motion, he took her in his arms, relieving the pressure around her throat, and tore the scarf in half. He stopped and put Celia down as the train sped up and left the station. The remnants of the scarf slipped from around her neck and fluttered onto the platform by her feet. She and Stefan stared at each other, breathing hard. Behind them, he could hear the others shouting, their feet pounding on the platform as they ran toward them. Celia’s dark brown eyes were wide and fil ed with tears of pain. She licked her lips nervously and took several short, gasping breaths, pressing her hands against her chest. He could hear her heart pounding, her blood rushing through her system, and he concentrated on pul ing his canines back and resuming his human face. She staggered suddenly, and Stefan slipped his arm around her. â€Å"It’s okay,† he said. â€Å"You’re al right now.† Celia gave a short, slightly hysterical laugh and wiped at her eyes. Then she stood upright, straightening her shoulders, and inhaled deeply. Stefan could see her deliberately calming herself, although her heartbeat was reeling, and he admired her self-control. â€Å"So,† she said, holding out her hand, â€Å"you must be the vampire Alaric’s told me about.† The others were coming up to them now, and Stefan glanced at Alaric in alarm. â€Å"That’s something I’d rather you kept private,† Stefan told her, feeling a prick of irritation at Alaric for divulging his secret. But his words were almost drowned out by a gasp from Meredith. Her gray eyes, usual y so serene, were dark with horror. â€Å"Look,† she said, pointing. â€Å"Look at what it says.† Stefan turned his attention to the pieces of sheer fabric around their feet. Bonnie gave a little whimper and Matt’s eyebrows furrowed. Elena’s beautiful face was blank with shock, and Alaric and Celia both appeared entirely confused. For a moment, Stefan saw nothing. Then, like a picture coming into focus, his vision adjusted and he saw what everyone was looking at. The torn scarf had fal en into an elaborately twisted heap, and the supposedly random folds of fabric quite clearly formed letters that spel ed: meredith How to cite The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 7, Essay examples

Doctrine of Ethos Essay Example For Students

Doctrine of Ethos Essay The Doctrine of Ethos states that music effects character and emotion of man by way of morals or ethics. It was arranged into certain scales, each with a certain characteristic. Specific scales were said to be able to inspire rage or sadness. Some were said to inspire happiness, and one was even said to weaken the mind due to its simplicity. Greek music, of which the Doctrine of Ethos specifically talked about, wasnt just solely instrumental. Improvising, they usually incorporated lyrics and even dance. Music was studied by the Greeks on a level that would be considered excessive in our society by all but our musicologists, ethnomusicologist, music theorists, and a small minority that take their love of music to more than just an aesthetic level. In our world, a world of empiricism and skepticism, the Doctrine of Ethos may sound a bit hard to believe. It may even sound magical and mystical, but I feel that it has some deep roots in truth. Philosophers, musicians, and even the layman have all theorized about the effect of music on the mind, body, and soul. After all, as William Congreve said in his The Mourning Bride, Music hath charms to soothe a savage breast, to soften rocks, or bend a knotted oak. It is difficult to show the effects of music on the individual, but it is easy to see how the individual chooses genres of music based on mood. The soldiers in Iraq, for instance, listened to a song by the band Drowning Pool titled, Let the Bodies Hit the Floor, over the speakers in their tanks. After listening to the song it would be easy to see that they didnt just choose the song because they thought it pertained to their current situation. The song is loud, fast, and hard. The song fueled the soldiers. I dont think that it made them into bloodthirsty savages, but I do think that it pumped them up with adrenaline. Walk into any random Golds Gym and Im sure you will not hear classical or new age music, but instead some sort of rock. David in the Bible played music to soothe Saul. Due to Davids harp and voice Saul calmed down and fell asleep. This is present even in todays society. After work, school, or any other long, exhausting event, it isnt uncommon for people to go home and put on some soothing music in order to cure them of their horrible day. Filmmakers have known of the Doctrine of Ethos (even if they didnt know what to call it) for as long as films have been popular. Epic movies like Braveheart, Gladiator, and The Last Samurai are generally considered to be emotional. Chick Flicks are generally moving, and horror films are intense. Why? The movies, no matter how well put together, would not be able to pull out emotions like it does with musical scores. A strategically orchestrated and placed score is what makes any script seem dramatic and forces the audience to become personally involved with their feelings. The music for any movie is carefully selected to cause the plethora of emotions one feels while watching a two-hour long movie. The music is what heightens the viewers attention and understanding of the film and is what makes the hair stand up on end. As I stated in my introduction, the Doctrine of Ethos revolves around very specific scales. There are seven different scales: Dorian, Phrygian, Mixolydian, Lydian, Hypodorian, Hypophrygian, and Hypolydian. These scales can still be found today, perhaps under different names. The Mixolydian scale was said to sound sad, and thus provoked sadness. The Dorian scale was calm and easy to listen to, thus it caused people to be reasonable, contemplative and inspired feelings of calm. The Phrygian scale was said to make people become passionate and able to inspire, and thus it was the scale used to lead people (into combat for example). Last came the Lydian scale. .u24bbff67250af62dac13c52c05a96494 , .u24bbff67250af62dac13c52c05a96494 .postImageUrl , .u24bbff67250af62dac13c52c05a96494 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u24bbff67250af62dac13c52c05a96494 , .u24bbff67250af62dac13c52c05a96494:hover , .u24bbff67250af62dac13c52c05a96494:visited , .u24bbff67250af62dac13c52c05a96494:active { border:0!important; } .u24bbff67250af62dac13c52c05a96494 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u24bbff67250af62dac13c52c05a96494 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u24bbff67250af62dac13c52c05a96494:active , .u24bbff67250af62dac13c52c05a96494:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u24bbff67250af62dac13c52c05a96494 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u24bbff67250af62dac13c52c05a96494 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u24bbff67250af62dac13c52c05a96494 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u24bbff67250af62dac13c52c05a96494 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u24bbff67250af62dac13c52c05a96494:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u24bbff67250af62dac13c52c05a96494 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u24bbff67250af62dac13c52c05a96494 .u24bbff67250af62dac13c52c05a96494-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u24bbff67250af62dac13c52c05a96494:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Computer science ethics EssayIt was said to cause weakness of the mind due to its simplicity and was on a large scale avoided. If you look at modern music, you can see scales like these at work. Blues is generally considered to be gloomy, and is played in a lot of minors, where as pop music is upbeat as a whole, and is simple to play. Speaking of the easy-to-play popular music, it is easy to see its large scale effects on society. I will call it the Lydian effect. America has, by far, the largest music industry in the world. America also comes near the bottom in average test grades worldwide. I propose that this is due to the largest amount of insipid music floating around every available airwave, dumbing down each passing generation, but I digress. The Doctrine of Ethos still applies today. I believe its relevancy is manifest in what we call today the Mozart Effect. Maybe it doesnt apply specifically as if music is some mind-altering chemical (although there are parents who would argue with this), but at the very least music causes feeling of varying degrees. Music has, does, and will continue to bring on strong emotions.

Essay Examples on World War II Essay Example

Essay Examples on World War II Paper 1st Essay Sample on World War II The Second World War is believed to have claimed the highest number of lives in the human history. The controversy in it was that in spite of it being the bloodiest war ever for soldiers, more civilians were killed than soldiers. The setting of the Second World War purposefully and intentionally targeted the heavily populated areas with an aim of killing more civilians. One of the reasons claimed for the attack of civilians was to create fear and demoralize them so that they can rise against their government by not supporting it and probably it this would force it pull out of the war. Maximum damage to a countries population would mean that the country had been beaten up and rendered weak to resist. The civilians were expected to force their respective governments to withdraw from the war than to endure more suffering. In addition to this, it was assumed that the real effect of war could be well felt if the civilians were attacked. This was seen as a good way of keeping up for the fight. Another reason why the civilians were targeted during the Second World War was purely ideological. A good example was the attack of the Jews civilians by the Germans. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on World War II specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on World War II specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on World War II specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer World War II World War II World War II The United States bombing campaign that culminated in dropping the atomic bombs in Japan is justifiable. Dropping these bombs, especially the atomic bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan prompted the end of the World War II, shortening a war which would otherwise have been prolonged and claim lives of many innocent civilians. Still, based on the fact that preparing and conducting military attacks was costly, then one can judge reasonably that it was far much better for America to use the atomic bomb than to bomb Japan and end the war forthwith. Military attacks would have not only prolonged the war but also be more costly and claim many solders and civilian lives. 2nd Essay Sample on World War II There is an argument that World War II has resulted from the Great Depression and World War I. Researches prove that the argument is quite valid and justified. As a result of the Great Depression the collapse of the USA has strongly affected many of the European countries and Germany was hardly hit as well. The Great Depression resulted in high rates of civil unrest, unemployment and poverty. Thus, it is the overall feeling of despair that drove the success and rise of Adolf Hitler and fascism. In â€Å"Germany and the Two World Wars†, Hillgruber Andreas writes, â€Å"Severe unemployment prompted the Nazi Party, which had been losing favor, to experience a surge in membership. This more than anything contributed to the rise of Hitler in Germany, and therefore World War II in Europe†. (Andreas, 1981) Further, World War II is also viewed as the continuation of World War I. historians argue that it was rather hardly possible for German to acknowledge the defeat in the World War I and the German Revolution. Instead of signing peaceful treaty, the country was decided to be punished for war responsibility. Germany seemed to be left smaller, embittered and weaker. Thus, Adolf Hitler promoted the idea that German had an excellent opportunity to display their power and influence across the world. For him, it was a chance to seek revenge. He claimed that World War II would be winnable for German using the theory of â€Å"Stab in the Back†. (Andreas, 1981) World War II World War II World War II Reference Andreas, H., Kirby, W. (translt.). (1981). Germany and the Two World Wars. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

HOW DOES GAME THEORY USE RATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND APPLY IT TO POKER Essay Example

HOW DOES GAME THEORY USE RATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND APPLY IT TO POKER Essay Example HOW DOES GAME THEORY USE RATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND APPLY IT TO POKER Essay HOW DOES GAME THEORY USE RATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND APPLY IT TO POKER Essay Introduction Game theory is the consequence of a mix between economic sciences and mathematics which is now widely used in all of the societal scientific disciplines. Game theory efforts to accurately predict behavioral actions in certain scenarios when the picks of others can besides hold an adding factor, ensuing in being able to determine the best scheme to derive a competitory border. Game theory is based on the rational side of human ‘players every bit good as non-human ( computing machines, machines, animate beings ) Game theory has been traced back to 1713, but it was most perceptibly accepted as an economic theory in 1928, when a book by John Von Neumann was published, Von Neumann went on to utilize his Game theory when making the Atom and H bombs, the theory has since undergone some alterations, in 1950 a mathematician, John Nash found a simpler solution for deriving the equilibrium, subsequently being named the â€Å"Nash equilibrium† which is still evident in today s reading of the theory. The theory has already been used in dramatic and life altering determination devising ( Von Neumann s ‘bomb as mentioned ) so with farther research into the theory it can go on to be used as the footing to maintain happening the competitory border. Purposes and Aims The purpose of my research is to derive unequivocal consequences as to how ( if at all ) game theory can utilize rational rational behavior and use it to poker to enable a individual ( s ) to derive a competitory border. Evaluate rational Game theory Examine how rational behavior is calculated How to Measure rational fire hook schemes. Examine if the game of fire hook is rational Literature Review Game Theory theoretical accounts in Poker There is already a significant sum of literature that provide an penetration into Game theory in fire hook, most of which all have a beliing position on each others work, Jason Swanson more late in 2005 said in a study entitled Game Theory and Poker, [ April, 23rd, 2005 ] that he had come up with a theoretical account that would be understood by all, even with small or no mathematical background, he concentrated on the impression that all participants would at some point in the game usage a ‘bluffing technique and it was at this minute in clip that the opposing participant ( utilizing the Swanson attack ) could derive a competitory border. In Jason Swansons theoretical account he uses what he calls â€Å"one card poker† where the deck merely consist of three cards ; an one, a deuce and a three, it is merely played by two people ( one of which will be chosen to be the â€Å"dealer† ) Swanson so goes on the prejudice of chance, after each individual has been covering a card they can either look into or turn up ( no rises are allowed ) He gives this illustration â€Å"The trader has the deuce and can crush merely a bluff. The opener has bet $ 100 into a $ 200 pot, giving him 2-to-1 on a bluff. We might hence believe that the trader should name twice and fold one time. Or, in other words, the trader should name with his deuce with chance 2/3† [ Game Theory and Poker, Swanson, 2005. Pg2 ] Staying with mathematical theoretical accounts of Game theory in fire hook. Taken from Tim Harfords book, The Logic of Life, chapter two, Las Vegas. Arguably the most celebrated character, the male parent of Game theory if you will, John Von Neumann ( mentioned before ) Having outshone his opposite number at the University of Princeton, Albert Einstein in the 1940 s 50 s, Von Neumann was ready to intergrate Mathematical theoretical accounts with the rational behavior displayed from worlds in Economics to make an account of fire hook, a scheme to win. Von Neumann realised that fire hook was a game of secrets and misrepresentation, but, by utilizing his theoretical account would do both factors work in one participants favour, Von Neumann accounted for the bluff and the contrary bluff, something that no other theoretician has been able to cite. Von Neumann s theoretical account ; â€Å"Player I to take the stake size B as an arbitrary nonnegative figure depending on x. Beting 0 is tantamount to look intoing. Newman s consequence may be summarizedas follows. An optimum scheme for Player I is to look into if 1/7 lt ; x lt ; 4/7, to wager B if ten = 1- ( 12/7 ) ( 2+B ) -2 for x gt ; 4/7, andt O stake B if x = ( 4/7 ) ( 2+3B ) ( 2+B ) -3 for x lt ; 1/7. An optimum scheme for Player II is to name a stake of B if y gt ; 1- ( 12/7 ) ( 2+B ) -1. The value is 1/7.† [ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.math.ucla.edu/~tom/papers/poker2.pdf, 1992 ] In the above theoretical account Von Neumann concentrated to a great extent on the thought that all participants will â€Å"bluff† ( deceive ) so Player I s first move will state the opposing participant alot about the strength of the manus that participant I has got, so the rational opposing participant will presume his manus and come up with 1- 7/12, But, all the piece participant II is playing along with the contrary bluff and will lose. Rational Choice Theory Rational pick theory assumes human behavior is guided by instrumental ground. Consequently, persons ever choose what they believe to be the best agencies to accomplish their given terminals. Therefore, they are usually regarded as maximising public-service corporation, the currency for everything they cherish ( for illustration: money, a long life, moral criterions ) . As the modern preparation of much older descriptions of rational behavior, Rational pick theory belongs to the foundational theory of economic sciences. Over the last decennaries it has besides become progressively prevailing in other societal scientific disciplines. Rational pick theory adopts methodological individuality ; it conceives of societal state of affairss or corporate behaviors as the sole consequence of single actions. However, rational pick theory is non merely applied to single worlds it can besides be attributed to big companies. Gary Becker won the nobel award in 1992 for his enforcement of rational pick theory in his book â€Å"The Economics of Life† he narrowed rational behavior into two premises Completeness ; where all actions can be ranked in order of penchant -Transitivity ; the impression that is A1 is preferred to A2 but A2 is preferred to A3 so A1 is preferred to A3 Both the premises and the behavioral anticipations of rational pick theory have sparked unfavorable judgment from a figure of professionals in Social Sciences. Some people have developed theoretical accounts of delimited reason, which hope to be more psychologically plausible without wholly abandoning the thought that ground underlies decision-making procedures. For a long clip, a popular strain of review was a deficiency of empirical footing, but experimental economic sciences and experimental game theory have mostly changed that review ( although they have added other reviews, chiefly by showing some human behavior that systematically deviates from rational pick theory ) . Early reviews of the rational pick attack in political scientific discipline for illustration, argued that the rational pick theoreticians could non explicate why people voted, much less do more sophisticated statements about political behavior. Research Design My research design will be dwelling of intermixing all of the bing cognition on game theory every bit good as my new and advanced thoughts. I will be chiefly be concentrating on whether or non Game theory can demo the game of fire hook to be a rational competition. The game of fire hook is a game that can be played in any milieus and the sum of wages ( the cost of playing, usually money ) can be dictated merely before drama. I will chiefly utilize the resource of the cyberspace to play online ( through the medium of a professional participant ) utilizing the guidelines set out from game theory and the game of fire hook itself. Besides, the sum of cognition already available on the topic will be used to my advantage as I will be associating a batch of my new thoughts to the secondary informations that I uncover in my research. The game of fire hook is one that is played by all ages from 18 upwards, this makes implementing a questionnaire a really feasible option and because of the diverseness of participants the replies that will be accumulated will be more accurate and realistic

New Cultural Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

New Cultural Experience - Essay Example India is a democratic and secular country. It is the second most populous country in the world and people of several religions live there. India is a Hindu majority country, and Muslims, Christians, Buddhists, Sikhs, Jain, are minority in this country. I have had a worthwhile experience of staying in India and take part in the rich cultural heritage of the country. Overview of experience A short or long stay in a foreign country in the midst of a new culture might be exhilarating and personally rewarding. Personally, I feel that this experience is highly intellectually stimulating. According to my opinion, a stay in a foreign country is not free of undesirable experiences. However, both pleasant and awkward incidents together make the experience intellectually stimulating. A person learns to accept new things and adapt into new circumstances. In this section I shall explain my experience as a minority in India. Types of experience vary according to the period of time spent in the cou ntry and the level of adaptability of the visitor (UNESCO, 2003). Visiting a country as a part of foreign trip implies a short stay, mainly for the purpose of visiting different sites and shopping. However, I have stayed in India for a period of five years for the purpose of making an in depth study of the Hindu religion. ... Participation in cultural activities Traditional dinner I personally prefer taking part in the activities of the country that I visit. Therefore, I made a prior research about the traditional activities, festivals and games that are popular in India. I had stayed in the house of a Hindu family in Kolkata. The family is well known as a well to do family in the city. They are quite modern and have liberal views about the world. Yet, I noticed on the first dinner with the family that the members dearly hold certain traditional norms. Some of these norms are very similar to the Catholic norms, while others were unknown to me before I visited India. During my stay I took part in a traditional dinner with my host family at their ancestral home in Kolkata. It was the annual meeting of all the members of the family. There were specific Bengali dishes that are favored by the Bengalis. Among other food, fish was one of the main ingredients. There were various preparations of fish, starting fro m fry, to curry to even a sweet preparation called ‘chutney’. Bengalis consider fish as a part of their traditional diet. I did not have a taste for fish before I ate Bengali food. Initially, I faced problems with fish since it has a typically strong smell. But, very soon I adapted with the culture of having fish in the main course in both lunch and dinner. Analysis During my stay I have mixed with the people of the country with the desire of in-taking a rich essence of their culture, faith, religion, environmental concern, food habits, sports and other activities. Went new to a country, it seems confusing to identify these norms or follow them as an outsider. However, the key

Global Strategy College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Strategy College - Essay Example Banai and Sama (2004) argue that empirical evidence indicates that MNCs who betray a preference for home country employees/managers, do not simply establish themselves as foreign entities within their host economies but, place themselves at the forefront of ethical questioning and suspicion. Rather than be regarded by host country citizens as potential employers and sources of foreign investment, they are regarded as conduits for the channeling of financial resources from the host economy to the parent one (Banai and Sama, 2004). Needless to say, this constrains the potential for constructive cooperation between the MNCs in question and the host economy. Insofar as Pfizer is concerned, it will further cast suspicion on the veracity of its publicized slogans. Judging by the stated, therefore, Pfizer should rely on host-country employees. In addition to the above stated the argument for reliance on host country employees is further fortified by the very nature of the industry within which Pfizer operates.

How governmental entities will be affected by GASB pronouncement Research Paper

How governmental entities will be affected by GASB pronouncement - Research Paper Example This is done by several different types of documents and mechanisms that together comprise what is better known as GAAP hierarchy for governments. However, not all the mechanisms and documents used by the GASB to set accounting principles and standards have the same weight and importance, hence the need of the term hierarchy which implies that some are going to be more important than others (Fischer et al, 127). In the absence of a pronouncement or another source of accounting literature, the financial statement preparer may consider what is termed as â€Å"other accounting literature.† In this category of â€Å"other accounting literature†, it includes a variety of different sources ranging from GASB Concepts Statements that are often GASB documents that describe the conceptual framework from which GASB statements arise on the more authoritative side to accounting books and articles on the less authoritative side. Accounting for leases is one of the more technically ch allenging areas in accounting including governmental accounting. The following explanation aims to describe the accounting and financial reporting requirements for lessees (Ruppel, 68). Essentially, these accounting requirements depend on whether the lease is classified as a capital lease or an operating lease. This classification is made in the same manner by governmental entities as well as commercial enterprises. However, the difference between the two is whether the lease is accounted for by a governmental fund, or by a proprietary fund. Nevertheless, the reporting requirements differ significantly. The Governmental Accounting Standards Board provides guidance to state and local governments on applying the requirements of SFAS in a manner consistent with that of governmental accounting. In other words, governmental funds need to account for the capital assets and long-standing liabilities resulting from accounting for a lease as a capital lease consistent with how capital assets and long-standing liabilities are otherwise accounted for by governmental funds. The effect of recording capital leases on the state -wide financial statements must also be considered. The requirements of GASB can be applied by proprietary funds and in the state-wide financial statements directly, since these funds and financial statements use the same basis of accounting and measurement focus as commercial enterprises. This often results into identical accounting treatment for these leases. The accounting for leases is derived from the view that a lease that transfers substantially all the benefits and risks of ownership should be accounted for as the acquisition of an asset and the incurrence of a liability by the lessee (Fischer, 118). In recording capital leases by a lessee, there are significant differences in the accounts used by the Governmental Accounts Standards Board and proprietary funds. In the case of GASB, the primary emphasis is on the flow of financial resources, an d expenditures are recognized on the adjusted accrual basis of accounting for leases. Therefore, if a lease agreement is to be financed from general governmental resources, it must be accounted for and reported on a basis consistent with governmental fund accounting principles. Furthermore, capital assets used in governmental activities acquired

The History Of The Monopolistic Competition Economics Essay

The History Of The Monopolistic Competition Economics Essay Introduction There are four types of market structures are Perfect Competition, Monopoly, Monopoly Competition and Oligopoly. Long run is the period of time that the firms are able to adjust the variable cost and fixes cost. In the long run, seller has sufficient time to enter or exit the market but need to base on the profits. Short run is not a definite period time and it can just modify the variable cost only. Short run dont have sufficient time to entry and exit the market because it didnt register the business. Variable cost is a periodic cost that can change or based to the sales profit of a company. Examples for the variable cost are labor, raw material, etc. Fixed cost is a cost that cannot change when the quantity is increase or decrease. Examples for fixed cost are rent, buildings, capital, machinery, etc. Marginal Revenue is when selling goods or doing business gains the total profit from the product or business. Marginal cost is the total cost that when making a product, the purpose of analyzing marginal cost is to determine an organization can achieve their economics of limits. Main Body Perfect Competition What is Perfect competition? Perfect Competition are describes markets such that not enough market power to set the price of an identical product. The multi-national example for the perfect competition is egg, rice, wood and flour. Characteristics There are many characteristics under perfect competition; the first is Identical or Homogenies Product. This characteristics means the qualities and characteristics do not diversification between different suppliers. Each firm in a perfect competition market also has selling their identical products; all the goods are perfectly the same one, so the buyer cannot distinguish whether the goods came from another firm and no firm could raise the price above the market price and still retain its sales. The second characteristic in perfect competition is the firms and household are got the perfect knowledge. In perfect knowledge, all the firm and household are aware of sellers price changes such that a firm cannot sell their goods higher price than another firm. The firm and household must have all the information regarding the market situation and the how does the economy work. Thus the price change, the technological development also can immediately signal to all the firm and household. The third characteristics in perfect competition are freedom entry and exit the market; there are no barriers to them. In the long run business, when the register firm need to exit the market, it needs to show a prove, but in the short run there is no restriction to entry or exit the market. The entire firm in a perfectly competition market make a normal profit in the long run. Monopoly What is Monopoly? A Monopoly is a market that just got only one producer and many buyers, the producer sell the goods may be is differentiated or identical but the importance point is the goods have no close and no replacement. The multi-national for Monopoly is Vegetables and Fruit from Farmer. Characteristics There are many characteristics under monopoly; the first is the monopoly is the price maker, monopolist can control the price, and he can brand itself and set the price, the monopolist has to deal with its market price. The second characteristic under monopoly is Barrier to Entry and Exit the market, some of the barriers are government license, patents and copyright, control of marketing channels. This is the reason that monopoly is very hard to entry. Barrier to exit must go to apply to public utilities such as local telephone companies, natural gas distribution companies, electricity companies, and garbage collection companies. The third characteristic under monopoly is Household and Firm must have Perfect Information, when selling a product in the market the producer must have a perfect knowledge about cannot selling their goods higher price than another firm and this perfect knowledge can comes from legally-established patents, copyrights, or trademark. Monopolistic Competition Monopolistic competition is a type of imperfect competition, its market structure which combines elements of monopoly and the competitive markets, the producers are able to differentiate their products. The multi-national example for monopolistic competition is some high precision products, such as multi-cylinder diesel engine fuel injection pumps. Characteristics The first characteristic under monopolistic competition is Freedom Entry and Exit the market. In the long run market there is free entry and exit. In monopolistic competition each market with its own identical product, any firm unable to cover its costs can leave the market without pay the liquidation costs. This assumption implies that there are low startup costs, no loss costs and no exit costs, so the cost of entering and exit is very low. The second characteristic under monopolistic competition is the different shape product. There is a single product being manufactured by some firms, and the product of each firm is basically the same one. The producer tries to create their own different packaging, different conditions of sale with respect to guarantees, after-sales services and different geographical location. The third characteristic under monopolistic competition is household and firms didnt have perfect knowledge. In monopolistic competition, buyers do not know everything, but they have relatively complete information about alternative prices. They also have relatively complete information about product differences and brand names. Each firm also has relatively complete information about production techniques and the prices charged by their rivals. Oligopoly An Oligopoly in which firm is dominated by many small seller, it is the firm that selling similar product. Oligopoly is similar like monopoly but oligopoly is at least two firms supplying the market. The multi-national examples for oligopoly are aluminum, gas, cell phone, television and film. Characteristic The first characteristic under oligopoly is Interdependent. There are only few firms under oligopoly but each firm will have to take account of the others, this means that they are dependent. A firm under oligopoly not only considers the market demand, they also need to compare the price and output policies to their rivals. No firm can therefore afford to ignore the actions and reactions of other firms in the market. The second characteristic under oligopoly is they have a heavy advertising. Oligopolistic must have a heavy advertising to promote their products in the market structure, and then can give the household know about their company. Under oligopoly the advertising is such like life-blood for oligopolistic firm. The third characteristic under oligopoly is high barrier to entry the market. Government restrictions, copyright issue, undivided resource ownership and huge setup cost are the high barrier to oligopolistic to entry the market. Sometimes the cost is very high, ownership and control of the raw materials is a factor, patents and brand loyalty are also barriers of entry into an oligopolistic market. Summarization Characteristic / Market Structures Perfect Competition Monopoly Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly Many Buyers √ √ √ √ Many Sellers √ √ Price Taker √ Price Maker √ √ √ Identical Product √ √ Differentiate Shape Product √ √ √ Barriers To Entry And Exit √ √ Perfect Knowledge √ √ Advertising √ √ Conclusion

Free College Essays - Use of Imagery in Shakespeares Othello :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello

Use of Imagery in Othello  Ã‚   In William Shakespeare's Othello, the use of imagery and metaphors is significant in conveying meaning as it helps to establish the dramatic atmosphere of the play and reinforce the main themes. Through this, the audience is able to grasp a better understanding of the play. Throughout Othello, images relating to poison frequently occur. These references are predominantly made by Iago. This seems appropriate for Iago who exhibits the characteristics of poison; they being fatal and deadly. There are several possible explanations to what motivates Iago: being overlooked for the lieutenancy, the belief that Othello and Cassio had committed adultery with his wife, though this is never really proved; class differences present in the society that made him feel inferior, and racial differences. This desire for revenge is so great it "doth, like a poisonous mineral, gnaw [his] inwards." Iago's use of language is a primary weapon in manipulating Othello. By "pour[ing] this pestilence into his ear", Iago contaminates his thoughts. Once Othello starts to doubt Desdemona's fidelity, he is so incredibly driven by jealousy that it leads him to murder her, ironically with poison. Many references are made to animals in the play. Iago uses beast imagery to express his contempt and to downgrade those he despises. Early in Act 1, he rouses Brabantio's anger by using crude images of animals fornicating to inform him that his "daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs." Such a metaphor is designed to evoke a strong emotional response. In a soliloquy at the conclusion of Act One, Iago says "It is engendered. Hell and night / Must bring this monstrous birth to the world's light." Shakespeare uses the image of a monster being born as a metaphor for the start of Iago's evil scheming. It also becomes evident that Othello's mind has been corrupted by Iago's evil handiwork when he too starts to use the same sort of animal imagery in his speech. In one scene, convinced of his wife's infidelity, Othello loses all self-control crying out "goats and monkeys," animals traditionally considered lascivious. There is also a wealth of heaven and hell imagery in Othello. Iago, who is Machiavellian in nature and revels in tormenting others, can be perceived as the devil personified. Even he himself acknowledges this when he says "devils will the blackest sins put on...suggest at first with heavenly shows / As I do now.

Conventional Cytogenetic Report

This report is studying about conventional cytogenetic, and we will focus on a technique called ‘karyotyping’. This repot is going to introduce about the definition, the history and the improvements of karyotyping made before, what is the process and the working principle of this technique and also how if can be applied in our daily life. Karyotyping is a test to examine chromosomes in a sample of cells, which can help identify genetic problems as the cause of a disorder or disease. The term ‘karyotyping’ is come from ‘karyotype’, which is the characteristic chromosome complement of a eukaryote species.The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics. In the middle and late 18th century, scientists were aware of the presence of chromosomes but had difficulty studying them because of their extremely small size. Chromosomes were first observed in plant cells by a scientist called Karl Wilhelm von Nageli in 1842, but since the sample s they took had small chromosomes. After the development of genetics in the early 20th century, when it was appreciated that the set of chromosomes, the karyotype was the carrier of the genes.Another scientist Levitsky seems to have been the first to define the karyotype as the phenotypic appearance of the somatic chromosomes, in contrast to their genic contents. It took until the middle 1950s until it became generally accepted that the karyotype of humans included only 46 chromosomes. Rather interestingly, the great apes have 48 chromosomes. Human chromosome 2 was formed by a merger of ancestral chromosomes, which reducing the number. Investigation into the human karyotype took many years to settle by two famous scientists: Hans von Winiwarter and Theophilus Shickel Painter.Hans von Winiwarter examined normal human diploid cells to try and define the number of chromosomes that humans have. In his time, guesses ranged from 16 to 36. He used the most powerful microscopes available in his day in one of the first accurate karyotyping attempts, and counted specifically between 46 and 49 chromosomes in his samples in 1912. He concluded that females had two X chromosomes and males had only one X chromosome and no Y chromosome. Theophilus Shickel Painter in 1922 was not certain whether the diploid number of humans was 46 or 48, at first favouring 46.He revised his opinion later from 46 to 48, and he correctly insisted on humans having an XX/XY system. And there are two advanced skills in karyotyping. The first one is Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), this method is going to investigate the use of virtual karyotypes for diagnostically challenging renal epithelial tumors. First is to evaluate 25 archived renal neoplasms where sub-classification could not be rendered based on morphology and other ancillary studies. Then it will generate virtual karyotypes with the Affymetrix 10 K 2. 0 mapping array platform and identify the presence of genomic lesions across all 22 autosomes.The second one is Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH), it is going  to scan the entire genome for variations in DNA copy number. Total genomic DNA is isolated from test and reference cell populations, differentially labeled and hybridized to metaphase chromosomes or DNA microarrays. The relative hybridization intensity of the test and reference signals at a given location is then proportional to relative copy number of those sequences in the test and reference genomes. The increases and decreases in the intensity ratio directly indicate DNA copy-number variation in the genome of the test cells.

The Chemical Composition of Human Sweat or Perspiration

The Chemical Composition of Human Sweat or Perspiration As you might imagine, human perspiration is mainly water. Have you ever wondered what else is in sweat? Heres a look at the chemical composition of perspiration and the factors that affect it. Why Do People Sweat? The main reason people perspire is so evaporation of water can cool the body. Therefore, it makes sense that the main component of perspiration is water. However, perspiration also plays a role in excretion of toxins and waste products. Sweat is chemically similar to plasma, but certain components are selectively retained or excreted. Variations in Perspiration Chemical Composition The chemical composition of perspiration varies between individuals and also depends on what they have been eating and drinking, why they are sweating, how long they have been perspiring, and several other factors. General Composition Perspiration consists of water, minerals, lactate, and urea. On average, the mineral composition is: Sodium (0.9 gram/liter)Potassium (0.2 g/l)Calcium (0.015 g/l)Magnesium (0.0013 g/l) Trace metals that the body excretes in sweat include: Zinc (0.4 milligrams/liter)Copper (0.3–0.8 mg/l)Iron (1 mg/l)Chromium (0.1 mg/l)Nickel (0.05 mg/l)Lead (0.05 mg/l) Sources Montain, S J, et al. â€Å"Sweat mineral-element responses during 7 h of exercise-heat stress.†Ã‚  International, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Dec. 2007.sportof journal  Ã‚  nutrition and exercise metabolism

How to Write an Informative Speech

How to Write an Informative Speech Often students will need to learn how to write an informative speech sometime in the last couple of years of high school or first couple of years in college. Writing an informative speech has two primary considerations – length of the speech and flow. When first learning how to write an informative speech, students make the following two errors – length of speech is too short/too long or the wording selected is difficult to give due to the words being unnatural to the speaker. You may want to write your speech quickly and using the higher language and sentence structure that gets you the best grades in your writing classes; however, how to write an informative speech is completely different from how to write a professional paper. You will need the words on the page to flow naturally, and your question is: you may write that way, but do you speak that way. Read your paragraphs aloud slowly while you work on your paper. Single paragraphs where you will evaluate the sentences, structure, and terminology along the way using a criteria that finds a common ground between your normal speech patterns and the need to sound educated during your speech – do you normally speak in long sentences, or short sentences, can you pronounce all the words in the paragraph or are a few taking a little longer to come out correctly, and will you be able to maintain a strong flow or beat through the talking. Finally, check the time of your speech by reading through your paper quickly, because barring interruptions, if this is your first time giving a speech you may find yourself either stumbling or reading too quickly while in front of an audience. All the practice in the world will not make up the 30 seconds of silence while you wait for your time at the podium to end. You can also order a custom informative speech at our professional speech writing service which is committed to provide customers with high-quality custom written speeches.

Ethical Implications Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical Implications Report - Essay Example As long as the user will be connected with this system, it will be possible for third parties to extrapolate user’s thoughts and rewrites them (Heather & Graves, 2012). This will guarantee third parties permission to hack into users bodies and be able to cause significant personal concerns without the user knowledge. This system does not give up limits of which a third party can track user’s thoughts and actions. This implies that some matters that we uphold as private and confidential will never have a guarantee of privacy because of this system that will always be connected to user’s bodies. Another ethical fix this system poses is crime. If user thought will control the computer devices in their bodies, then criminals may figure out ways to reverse the system and read the user thoughts (Heather & Graves, 2012). This means that these criminals may successfully access the users’ eyes and view password of highly critical cards like ATM. This will allow them fulfill their criminal activities. Sixth sense technology will make it easy for hackers to plant virus in people’s personal computer (Heather & Graves, 2012). This may cause damages to these users immune system. The virus may also cause a heart attack to the user. All these ethical issues must be put into consideration before accepting the sixth sense

Personal Perspectives of Death and Dying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Perspectives of Death and Dying - Essay Example Man doesn’t know from where he comes and doesn’t know when and where he goes. He has come to the world unknowingly and disappearing from the world knowingly. The only thing most of the people does not want in their life is death. I have accepted all the realities mentioned above and most of the times I hated to think about death since such thoughts about death will never give us the opportunity to concentrate in our mission on earth. For me, I came to the earth unknowingly and I strongly believe that some unknown force might have sent me to the earth for some mission. It is our duty to identify the mission and execute it successfully. I believe that once our mission is completed the force which sends us will call us back. Earth is not a permanent place for us and hence what all we received from the earth need to be dispose here itself before going for another mission at another place. In other words the material things which were acquired from the earth will not help us in our future assignment. I believe that the spirit does not have death and hence only the spiritual improvements will help us in our future missions. Those who work on spiritual things also along with other activities on earth will be the wise persons for me. Even though science and technology has advanced a lot, still it was not able to decode the secrets of life. Even the science and technology do not know where our spirit lies or what type of forces driving us. Religions and their teachings will have values till the science discloses the secrets of life and after death situations. Till then it is better not to question the beliefs of religions in my opinion. What is going to happen after death is a question which is unanswered so far and it will remain like that only for ever in my opinion. Religions have defined death and after death situations in their own views. Though most of the beliefs among religions are

ETHICS, CONSUMERISM AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Essay

ETHICS, CONSUMERISM AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY - Essay Example This can be achieved through regular regulation of the business approach to go well with the present market. This paper looks at how organizations can make use of management tools to manage their operations in a more efficient way taking the example of Franke Sessions. It also proposes a communication plan for Franke Sessions that can help the organization to develop awareness in all its stake holders. An environmental management system is a typical method for the incorporation of sustainable ecological management all through the business structure. EMS consists of the organization composition, development activities, properties and measures for implementation the environmental strategy as an essential part of the executive procedure. It is a functional instrument to put into practice in order to act in accordance with the legislation, deal with stakeholder demands, progress business representation and elevate alertness of environmental concerns. EMS is a good method for identifying problems and solving them, it is founded on the notion of repeated development. It can be put into practice in a business in numerous diverse ways, depending on the segment of action and the requirements alleged by management. As a matter of fact, principles for EMS have been built up by the ISO and by the European Commission Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) (Darnall, et al 2008). The requisites of the vibrant business environment have made many companies’ value chains unsteady, this means that businesses have more and more been required to formulate decisions regarding the management of the value chain into a further peripheral system of management. The vibrant commerce environment gives the impression of affecting both interior and exterior business procedures. Its latest transformation from in-house business procedures to peripheral business procedures has been extremely rapid because of the use of diverse IT-application. These

Extinction Essay Example for Free

Extinction Essay Extinction is a natural selection process. Should humans strive to preserve a representative sample of all biomes or aquatic zones? I personally believe that we are already preserving when it comes to wondering if we are going to become extincted. We as human have a hard time not reproducing, this meaning most humans that become married usually begin having children within the first 5 years of their marriage if they haven’t married and already have children. This being said we may not leave an carbon copy of ourselves but we are leaving genies that we carry as well as tradition and legacies that we uphold. We has humans don’t understand the importance of preserving things, we are so focused on who has more than the other or who is worth more than the other that it never dawns on us that one day humans can be a thing of the past. Looking at the most important things of life now with is preserving and growth of things we are currently involved in. Keeping the world a better place to live in so that we are in a good environment to continue preserving the things we need. Why should humans be concerned with the extinction rate? We should be concerned with the extinction and try and preserve the biomes and ecosystems that are present. Over time the ecosystem and biomes have evolved changed in some form or fashion that will leave us in difference from this particular time now. It’s important to have something to be able to look back on for information and or instructions on how to change things that we as human may make a mistake and mess up.

Glucose Tolerance Tests Accuracy In Diagnosing Diabetes

Glucose Tolerance Tests Accuracy In Diagnosing Diabetes According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 220 million people worldwide have diabetes. An estimated 1.1 million people died from diabetes in 2005, and almost half of diabetic deaths occurred in people under the age of 70 years of age. WHO projects that the number of diabetic deaths will increase to 366 million by the year 2030 (8). Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 is a prevalent disorder that causes one to have high blood sugar, or hyperglycemia. This hyperglycemia can be the result from one or a combination of 1) decrease production of insulin from beta cells of the pancreas; 2) increase sugar production from the liver; 3) decrease sugar uptake by cells secondary to insulin receptors. Symptoms of DMII are excess urination, excess thirst, dizziness, blurred vision, sweating, and fatigue. Patients presenting with these symptoms should be screened by a finger stick, where a blood sample is taken from a quick prick of the finger, to be tested for hyperglycemia. Normal blood sugar should range from 70-100mg. If one has a fasting sugar of >126mg or an after eating sugar level > 200mg, then an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) should be performed. During an OGTT, a patient consumes a 150-200g carbohydrate diet for three days and fasts from midnight prior to test date. The morning of test, the patient consumes 75g sugar mixe d with 300ml of water within a 5 minute period. The patients blood sugar level is be measured at baseline, and then again at 120 minutes. A diagnosis of DMII is made if the baseline level is >126 mg and the 120 minute level is >200mg. These guidelines are set by the American Diabetic Association (ADA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) (1,8). Another option for obtaining a blood sugar level is measuring the percent of glycosylated red blood cells, or the percent of sugar attached to a RBC. RBCs live for approximately 90 days in the human body. By measuring this percentile one can observe the patients blood sugar level over the previous 3 months and not just at the moment an OGTT is performed. Today, HbA1c is a main tool for following metabolic control in persons with diabetes(5). A HbA1c > 6.0 percent should permit a diagnosis of DMII, but is not at this time a definite diagnostic tool. Diabetes can cause complications of multiple organ systems. WHO defines consequences of diabetes as follows: Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. 50% of people with diabetes die of cardiovascular disease (primarily heart disease and stroke). Combined with reduced blood flow, neuropathy in the feet increases the chance of foot ulcers and eventual limb amputation. Diabetic retinopathy is an important cause of blindness, and occurs as a result of long-term accumulated damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. After 15 years of diabetes, approximately 2% of people become blind, and about 10% develop severe visual impairment. Diabetes is among the leading causes of kidney failure. 10-20% of people with diabetes die of kidney failure. Diabetic neuropathy is damage to the nerves as a result of diabetes, and affects up to 50% of people with diabetes. Although many different problems can occur as a result of diabetic neuropathy, common symptoms are tingling, pain, numbness, or weakness in the feet and hands. The overall risk of dying among people with diabetes is at least double the risk of their peers without diabetes (8). Previous studies have showed that better control of plasma glucose levels reduced the risk of developing long-term complications pertaining to diabetes (4). A higher HbA1c correlates well with the likelihood of developing chronic complications such as the ones listed above. This study is designed to explore if a HbA1c be used to diagnose diabetes. Observations suggest that a reliable measure of chronic glycemic levels such as HbA1c, which captures the degree of glucose exposure over time and which is related more intimately to the risk of complications than single or episodic measures of glucose levels, may serve as a better biochemical marker of diabetes and should be considered a diagnostic tool (2). As for the current gold standard for diagnosing diabetes, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) has its limitations (2). These include high interindividual variability, low reproducibility compared to FPG, poor compliance with the conditions needed to perform the test correctly, and is cumbersome and time-consuming for medical staff and patients (4). Due to these factors one may ask, Is a HbA1c or an OGTT more accurate at diagnosing new onset diabetes mellitus type 2 in a patient presenting with hyperglycemia? By exploring this question and answering it from an evidence-based approach, the answer may help clinicians advance to an easier and less time consuming way to diagnose diabetes mellitus type II. CLINICAL CASE A 57 year old African American male presented to the outpatient office with symptoms of dizziness, blurred vision, polydipsia, and polyuria. He has a significant history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia. The patient was unclear when his symptoms started. Upon evaluation in the office, the patient was noted to have a marked glucose elevation of 420. An in-house HbA1c was also noted at 13.0. Upon further questioning, the patient has not been taking any medications for diabetes, and is currently taking Lisinopril and Zocor for his other medical conditions. Due to the presenting symptoms and lab results, the patient was admitted to the hospital for hyperosmolar nonketotic hyperglycemic state. METHODS A PubMed search was performed by using the Clinical queries and Diagnosis filters. The terms A1c AND diagnosis AND diabetes and glycosylated hemoglobin AND diagnosis AND diabetes were used to search the site for relating articles. With these search terms, a total of 176 hits revealed articles pertaining to the requested information. Articles that met all inclusion criteria for the research were evaluated and assigned a type/level of evidence. In order to be included in this evidence-based study, articles had to meet the following inclusion criteria: Articles must be cohort studies. Studies must not be > 6 years old. Articles must have participants with impaired glucose levels or symptoms of impaired glucose. Studies must include evidence of OGTT or FPG and HbA1c. Studies must have a significant number of participants to produce a significant result (n > 375). Any articles that did not specifically relate to diagnosing DMII with a HbA1c were excluded. Articles that were not cohort studies, were older than six years, did not have participants with impaired glucose, or did not have a significant amount of participants were excluded. Certain articles that appeared in the PubMed search were strictly review articles. These papers were reviewed, and if applicable, may be used to provided supporting factors about pathophysiology/ epidemiology of diabetes type II and its diagnostic criteria. Articles that met all inclusion criteria were evaluated and assigned a level of evidence using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence worksheet. RESULTS Study #1: Diagnosing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: in Primary Care, Fasting Plasma Glucose and Glycosylated Hemoglobin Do the Job Study Design: This study was performed at the Raval Sud Primary Care Center in Barcelona, Spain and was begun in 1992. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of glycosylated hemoglobin values as a method to diagnose type 2 diabetes mellitus in a population at risk seen in primary care. Four hundred fifty four subjects were selected to participate in the study. The population served by the Raval Sud Center is characterized by it low evonomic level, high rate of immigration, and high rate of morbidity and mortality for certain diseases and disorders. Inclusion criteria for eligible participants had at least on e of the risk factors for developing DMII described in the ADA guidelines. These included family history of DMII, personal history of carbohydrate intolerance or gestational diabletes, prolonged use of a drug able to raise glucose levels, obesity with a body mass index > 30, hypertension, HDL-cholesterol levels 250 mg/dL. Persons who did not wish to take part in the study were excluded. For the purpose of this particular study, data was recorded from the time the patient was included in the Raval Sud Care Center. The study then used a cross-sectional analytical design to validate a diagnostic test. (4) Study Conduct: Subjects were interviewed and variables were recorded for each participant. These included sociodemographic characteristics such as age and sex, clinical characteristics such as BMI and blood pressure, and laboratory values including fasting plasma glucose in a venous blood sample, oral glucose tolerance test after a 75g glucose overload, and a HbA1c measured by high pressure liquid chromatography. To standardize the results for the HbA1c, the absolute values were recalculated in terms of the number of standard deviations above the mean. FPG and OGTT values were based on the WHO criteria as having normal, impaired, or DMII glucose levels. (4) Study Results: The distribution of demographic characteristics and laboratory findings are shown in Table 1. The study found that plasma glucose levels were significantly lower in normal subjects than in subjects with abnormal glucose levels (IFG or OGTT) and even lower in subjects with abnormal glucose levels than in patients with diabetes (P 5.94% (mean, +3SD), the diagnosis of DMII is reliable and accurate in 93% of the cases. Table 4 shows the diagnostic validity of a combined strategy of FPG and HbA1c values: patients were considered to have DMII when FPG > 125 mg/dL, or when FPG >110 mg/dL and HbA1c was greater than the cutoff value. Maximal efficacy (93% GV) was found for HbA1c > 5.94% (x +3SD), with a sensitivity of 92.2% and a specificity of 95.1%. (4) Study Critique: It has been confirmed that the relationship between circulating glucose values and the onset of chronic complications exists. Thus, it is logical for the diagnosis of DMII to be based on glucose values. One of the main problems in this particular study was to define and establish a cutoff point for this continuous quantitative variable. This study analyzed different cutoff points for the whole sample of patients at risk for DMII. When HbA1c values > 5.51% (x +2SD), were used for the cutoff point for diagnosis of DMII, the sensitivity (76%) and specificity (85%) were acceptable. However, when a higher cutoff point was used, specificity increased, but only at the expense of reduced sensitivity. Due to this situation, the study designed a strategy for diagnosis based on the FPG values and the validity of HbA1c. (4) Level of Evidence: 1c Study #2: Comparison of A1c and Fasting Glucose Criteria to Diagnose Diabetes Among U.S. Adults Study Design: This study included participants from the 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants included 6,890 adults (>20 years of age), without a self-reported history of diabetes. The subjects attended a morning examination, fasted for > 9 hours at the time of their blood collection, and had valid plasma glucose and HbA1c values taken. Participants were categorized into one of the four groups by presence or absence of fasting plasma glucose > 126 mg/dL and HbA1c > 6.5%. The distribution of the population into these groupings was determined and the K statistic value was calculated. Also, the distribution of U.S. adults by fasting glucose and different HbA1c cutoff points (6.0-6.7%) were calculated. The objective for this study was to compare A1c and fasting glucose for the diagnosis of diabetes among U.S. adults. (6) Study Conduct: Data was collected through questionnaires (demographics, medical history), a physical examination (blood pressure, BMI, and waist circumference), and blood collection (lipids, plasma glucose, HbA1c). The plasma glucose was measured by using a modified hexokinase enzymatic method and the HbA1c using a high-performance liquid chromatography. (6) Study Results: This study concludes that an HbA1c of > 6.5%, along with a FPG >125 mg/dL demonstrates reasonable agreement for diagnosing diabetes. 1.8% of the participants were classified as having diabetes with a HbA1c > 6.5% and a fasting glucose >126 mg/dL. Among participants with a HbA1c 125 mg/dL, 45% had an A1c value > 6.0% but less than 6.5%. According to A1c guidelines, this value poses an elevated risk for diabetes. Table A1 shows a distribution of adults by fasting glucose and different HbA1c cutoff points. From this table, the lower the HbA1c cutoff points results in higher sensitivity and lower specificity. (6) Study Critique: In this study, certain participants had discordant results such as a HbA1c > 6.5% and a fasting glucose of Study #3: A1c and Diabetes Diagnosis: The Rancho Bernardo Study Study Design: The Rancho Bernardo Study included 2, 107 participants without known DMII, who had an OGTT and a HbA1c between 1984 and 1987. This cross-sectional study of community dwelling adults was provided written informed consent and laboratory data was performed. (3) Study Conduct: HbA1c was measured with high performance liquid chromatography using an automated analyzer. Ophthalmologic evaluation was also performed on the subjects. This was done by using nonmydriatic retinal photography. Sensitivity and specificity of HbA1c cutoff points for DMII were calculated, along with K coefficients which were used to test for agreement between A1c values and diabetes status. The objective for this study was to examine the sensitivity and specificity of HbA1c as a diagnostic test for DMII in older adults. (3) Study Results: For this study the HbA1c cutoff value was 6.5%. This value had a sensitivity of 44% and a specificity of 79%. A lower A1c cutoff point of 6.15% yielded the highest sensitivity at 63% but a lower specificity at 60%. If one were to use this cutoff value, it would miss one-third of those with DMII by the American Diabetes Association guidelines. It would also misclassify one-third of those without DMII. Using the HbA1c value of 6.5% as the cutoff point, the agreement with DMII diagnosis was low (K coefficient was 0.119). In order to compare A1c and ADA criteria with DMII complications, the study looked at participants with some degree of retinopathy. Of the participants who had retinopathy, 40% had and A1c > 6.5% and none had DMII by ADA criteria. This study concluded that the limited sensitivity of the A1c value cutoff may result in missed or delayed diagnosis of DMII, whereas the use of current OGTT criteria will fail to identify a high proportion of individuals with hi gh A1c values, which correlate with long term complications of DMII. (3) Study Critique: This study was performed on a much older population than the other studies examined in this paper. It has its benefits and disadvantages for surveying a population in which there mean age was 69.4. The advantage is that the U.S. elderly population has the greatest current burden and is expected to have the greatest increase in the prevalence of DMII. On the other hand, the disadvantage to having such an older subject population is that it limited the HbA1c cutoff values to that particular population. In a previous critique of an article one of the concerns was the fact that there are different aspects of glucose metabolism. It would have been supportive if the article addressed the age of their participants and compared them with the study results. (3) Level of Evidence: 1c Study #4: Diagnostic value of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) for the early detection of diabetes in high-risk subjects Study Design: This study was performed by collecting data from the Bundang CHA General Hospital database. A total of 392 subjects who had an abnormal random plasma glucose, a history of gestational diabetes mellitus, a macrosomic baby, or a severe obesity were selected to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria included a previous history of diabetes of other endocrinopathies, pregnancy, abnormal liver or renal function tests, a history of major surgery, severe illness, blood transfusion within the previous 6 months, and weight loss > 3kg during the past three months. After an overnight fasting, blood samples were drawn from all participating subjects to include FPG and HbA1c values. (7) Study Conduct: Glucose concentrations were measured using the glucose oxidase method on a autoanalyzer. The HbA1c values were measured by the high-performance liquid chromatography method. All statistical analysis was performed and the best predictive cutoff values for FPG and A1c for detecting patients with new diabetes were identified using the optimal sensitivity/specificity values determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve. (7) Study Results: Figure 1 shows the ROC plot representing the sensitivity and specificity for the HbA1c and the FPG in detecting undiagnosed DMII. From this study, the optimal cutoff value for HbA1c was 6.1% and for FPG was 6.1 mmol/l. The sensitivity/specificity for the HbA1c cutoff value was 81.8% and 84.9% respectively. Table 1 shows the results from the combination of using FPG and HbA1c. This study demonstrated that HbA1c was very useful to screen for diabetes in high-risk patients and the combined use of HbA1c and FPG made up for the lack of sensitivity in FPG alone. (7) Study Critique: This studys subjects were only Korean, therefore making the population very ethnically limited. It would have been beneficial to have seen the population more diverse and to notice the change in results. Also, the study stated that an OGTT was performed, yet a confirmation status of repeat testing was not recorded. This would have been beneficial to have in order to compare results to the FPG and HbA1c values obtained for cutoff for diagnosing DMII. (7) Level of Evidence: 1c DISCUSSION The purpose if this study was to assess if a HbA1c was sufficient enough to make a unknown diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 2. From these studies one can gather that a HbA1c is adequate for making a new diagnosis for DMII. The following chart compares the specificity and sensitivity of each HbA1c from each study critiqued in this study. Also, each study uses a different HbA1c cutoff that they gathered from their cohort or cross-sectional study which is also included in the chart below. Study Sensitivity Specificity HbA1c used for Diagnosis Diagnosing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: in Primary Care, Fasting Plasma Glucose and Glycosylated Hemoglobin Do the Job 63.3% 93.4% 5.94% Comparison of A1c and Fasting Glucose Criteria to Diagnose Diabetes Among U.S. Adults 72.5% 96.5% > 6.0% A1c and Diabetes Diagnosis: The Rancho Bernardo Study 44% 79% 6.5% Diagnostic value of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) for the early detection of diabetes in high-risk subjects 81.8% 84.9% 6.1% Study #1 discussed the option of performing a combination of HbA1c and a FPG test. This exhibited to be most the most poignant result with a specificity/sensitivity of 92.2 and 95.1, respectively. In study #2, it also agreed that a HbA1c and a FPG level provided the most assured diagnosis for DMII. However, this study had the most discordant results and was probably due to the fact of its subject population. It stated that the results may have been due to the fact that assessment of different aspects of glucose metabolism was present (6). Study #3 was performed on a much older population, and focused on the importance of following HbA1c levels to help prevent long term complications of DMII. However, it also stated that a HbA1c would also have a higher sensitivity and specificity if it were performed along with a FPG test. Finally, study #4 agreed on the fact that a HbA1c was very sufficient for screening for DMII, and that it provided much support for diagnosing DMII along with a FP G. CONCLUSION This study provided that a HbA1c of approximately 6.0% is a great support to help making the diagnosis of DMII along with a FPG > 125. Some studies have suggested that a HbA1c of this value is suggestive of a diagnosis, however, the studies above advocate that FPG levels should also be obtained to solidify the actually diagnosis of DMII. However, in a recent publication from the JAAP, it states thatan A1c value of 6.5% higher as diagnostic. This value appears to be the level at which a person is at risk for developing the complications of diabetes. A diagnosis should be confirmed with a repeat A1c test, unless clinical symptoms and a glucose level higher than 200 mg/dL are present (5). From this statement one can confer that the patient described above in the clinical case portion of this paper, does indeed warrant the diagnosis of DMII on the basis of a HbA1c of 13.0%, the presence of clinical symptoms, and the glucose elevation of 420 mg/dL.

Prohibition - The Noble Experiment :: American America History

Prohibition - 'The Noble Experiment' In 1920 congress began what was called "The Noble Experiment". This experiment began with the signing of the eighteenth amendment of the constitution into law. It was titled by society as Prohibition. Websters dictionary defines prohibition as: A prohibiting, the forbidding by law of the manufacture or sale of alcoholic liquors. Prohibition can extend to mean the foreboding of any number of substances. I define it as a social injustice to the human race as we know it. Prohibition was designed to rid the country of businesses that manufactured, sold, and or distributed alcoholic beverages. The eighteenth amendment made it a violation of the constitution to do and of the before mentioned. This was a crime punishable up to the Supreme Court. The original idea was that Americans as a whole were unhealthy, there was too much crime and corruption, and that people were being burdened by excess taxes that poorhouses and prisons were creating. What happened? The cheap alcohol being illegally produced killed more Americans, crime and corruption went up, taxes were raised to fund the law enforcement needed to enforce prohibition, and the prisons became overcrowded. Some would have you believe that crime decreased during prohibition. Well, it did. Crime decreased, as a whole, by 37.7% during prohibition. However violent crime and other serious crimes were up. Theft of property was up 13.2%, homicide was up m16.1%, and robbery was up 83.3%. Minor crimes had decreased though- by 50%. Crimes such as malicious mischief, public swearing, vagrancy, etc. (Dr. Fairburn pg 75-80) The prohibition movement did have its fair share of supporters however. The most active in the movement was the Women's Christian Temperance Union. They worked hard in campaigning towards this amendment and gathered, what is now believed today, as to be biased statistics. For example one area that the WCTU attacked was the saloons and in particular the sale of distilled spirits, hard alcohol. The WCTU claimed drinking during prohibition was down 30% as opposed to pre-prohibition. However as a percentage to total alcohol sales the consumption of distilled spirits was up from 50% (pre-prohibition) to an astonishing 89% during prohibition. "Most estimates place the potency of prohibition-era products at 150+ percent of the potency of products produced either before or after prohibition (qtd. In Henry Lee 202) Prohibition did not succeed at all. In order for prohibition to achieve what it was set to do it had to meet four specific guidelines.

Ben & Jerry’s Case

Started almost 20 years earlier, Ben & Jerry’s had plenty of great opportunities to expand the business by entering into foreign markets. However, their attempts of expansion cannot really be considered successful (note: the case describes the period 1978-1997). In the following paragraphs, I will evaluate their international market entry strategies, based on the ’International Market Entry Evaluation Process’ described by J. K. Johansson in his book Global Marketing – Foreign Entry, Local Marketing, and Global Management written in 2000.According to the process, the five steps of evaluation are Country Identification, Preliminary Screening, In-Depth Screening, Final Selection and Direct Experience. Before its idea of entry into Japan, Ben & Jerry’s attempted to expand their business in six different countries on three continents, none of which was approached in a systematical way eg. based on the above-mentioned process. Had the company followed a well-thought-out plan, it probably would have realized more success than it actually did.The first country Ben & Jerry’s tried to set foot in was Canada, which comes by no surprise as the Country Identification step assumes foreign partners to be chosen based on geographical closeness. The strategy was not successful as the company finally had to repurchase its licensing agreement because of high taxes and low quotas. The next country of attempt was Israel, which I consider an opportunistic approach since the license was given based on friendship and not real evaluation.The country held good opportunities though with the product being sold in supermarkets and restaurants, but the partnership did not result in high income according to the terms and conditions of the contract. The first joint venture in Russia did not prove to be a lucrative business either, and the four years spent in the country ended on disadvantageous terms. It could be considered as a free give-away of tec hnologies, equity and equipment. The last three foreign markets approached were the United Kingdom, France and the Benelux States.In none of these cases was any of the steps of the International Market Entry Evaluation Process followed which resulted in very opportunistic approaches without consensus, a well-designed plan or a valuable strategy. I do not consider the first six foreign entries to be successful at all, however, some of the countries held good potentials but lack of experience and knowledge made Ben & Jerry’s not successful. The company has a great chance to increase its sales, market share, profits and income by entering into the Japanese market.Probably having learnt from its previous experiences, the approach of the Japanese market has been more systematic than the previous one. It has actually been quite consistent with the steps of the International Market Entry Evaluation Process, they have even reached the stage of the last step, as it turns out at the be ginning of the case – they made a trip to Japan to get first-hand experience before making a decision. The Japanese market has correctly been evaluated to have a large market and an existing demand for super premium ice-cream, which makes it a prospective opening.At the same time, the company has recently been experiencing declining market share on the domestic markets, worsened by decreasing growth rates. The combination of these factors result in finding the idea of entrance appealing, however, the complicated process of entering into the market must be taken into consideration too. In my opinion, it is time Ben & Jerry’s did the necessary steps to expand their business. The company has seen different ways to approach Japanese consumers, however, the two best ones has been to enter with Seven-Eleven or through Mr.Yamada. These represent two totally different strategies and both have their advantages as well as disadvantages. Entering with Seven-Eleven has the advanta ge of providing high sales and also a lot of experience in effective involvement of professionals. Making them partners would also mean a quick access to the Japanese market. On the other hand, they have expressed a complicated way of logistics and inventory management, and they would also presume a very dominant position in their partnership. Making Mr.Yamada their partner seems to be a much easier way to approach Japanese consumers. Mr. Yamada does not have complex and specific requirements as Seven-Eleven but he still has the extensive knowledge of the market, however, what he does not have is a proven business plan to start the business. Although it may seem to be easier to choose the strategy that involves less complications, Ben & Jerry’s has reached the stage where they ought to make responsible long-term decisions rather than focusing on short-term convenience.Seven-Eleven has a lot of requests to be followed, it only proves that they have experience and market knowle dge and they know what type of products there will be sufficient demand for. In my opinion, the company should choose Seven-Eleven to form a partnership with, based on the information provided by the case. The chance to succeed in the Japanese market would be higher this way. Bibliography Johansson, J. K. Global Marketing – Foreign Entry, Local Marketing, and Global Management, Johansson, 2000.